Political Economy of International Trade

Political Economy of International Trade Acquaintance Governments utilize different strategies with intercede in business sectors for various reasons. Methods of government intercessions in business sectors incorporate the utilization of duties, sponsorships, import amounts, deliberate fare restrictions, nearby substance necessities, regulatory approaches, and antidumping policies.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Political Economy of International Trade explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the legislature can impact the market either straightforwardly as a contender or in a roundabout way through levies and guidelines. These intercessions just happen for political and monetary reasons. Government mediations in business sectors and explanations behind intercessions in business sectors Tariffs are charges that administrations demand on imports or fares. Governments use taxes to shield developing neighborhood firms from savage outside rivalries, shield old firms from rivalry, and decrease instances of dumping. Dumping means to stay away from ‘too low’ costs of imports in the residential market. Sponsorships are governments’ money related backings to any area (Office of Fair Trading 26). They may incorporate direct awards, extra capital, exclusions from duties, assurances, and low intrigue credits among others. Appropriations impact the market rivalry through changes in expenses and creation methodologies. Import quantities limit the measure of merchandise that a nation can import inside a specific period. Thus, standards can impact creation of merchandise in different nations. Portions secure residential firms, however may bring about expanded costs for customers. They diminish imports to take out rivalry. Deliberate fare limitations happen when an administration restricts the measure of merchandise or administrations that neighborhood organizations can fare to different nations (Hill 216). This shields nearby firms from a savage rivalry as saw on account of modest Japanese vehicles imported in the US in 1980s. The two nations applied intentional fare limitations to secure the local car industry of the US. Nearby substance necessities favor the utilization of privately made parts, work, administrations, supplies, and materials for creation inside the nation as opposed to bringing in such assets. Subsequently, governments require a base utilization of nearby substance to advance local economies when remote firms produce in a country.Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Local substance necessities could likewise happen on account of political impacts and the need to ensure and profit a given domain. It occurs in the Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry in which the administration has made it a law for all global oil and gas firms to fuse neighborhood substance in their creation chains (Falco, Gallo, Santillo, Troncone and Viecelli 213). Neighborhood substance can likewise remember direct ventures for the site. Regulatory exchange approaches are guidelines that administrations define to make it difficult for different nations to bring into another nation (Hill 219). These are principally non-levy hindrances to merchants. For example, dreary and tedious investigation procedures of imported merchandise at fringes are occurrences of applying prohibitive managerial exchange strategies to confine exchange. Japan had utilized this strategy to confine outside firms from bringing into its business sectors as appeared by FedEx Express and Netherlands’ tulip bulbs (Hill 219). Antidumping strategies secure household advertise costs by guaranteeing that imports don't have ‘too low’ costs underneath the expense of creation or have reasonable market costs. The US has utilized antidumping arrangements to shield local markets from modest imports from China. Political explanations beh ind government advertise intercession are various. They incorporate ensuring neighborhood occupations, national ventures, securing national security, fighting back against uncalled for advertise works on, shielding customers from unacceptable merchandise, advancing international strategies, and ensuring human rights. Financial reasons incorporate shielding newborn child ventures from outside rivalries and improving vital exchange approaches. Henceforth, these reasons show that administration intercession in business sectors can support or breaking point exchange. A legislature would take part in a market to offer either immediate or backhanded help to neighborhood ventures. Additionally, troublesome monetary circumstances may likewise compel governments to mediate in business sectors, just as campaigning from laborers so as to ensure their employments and markets.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Political Economy of International Trade explicitly for you for j ust $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Governments take part in the market through seven methodologies, which incorporate the utilization of duties, appropriations, import portions, deliberate fare limitations, nearby substance necessities, regulatory approaches, and antidumping arrangements. The significant reasons are both monetary and political reasons, yet they plan to secure neighborhood occupations, out of line rivalry, improve international strategy, shield shoppers from ‘dangerous’ products and increase political favors from local people or voters. Falco, De Massimo, Mosã ¨ Gallo, Carmela Santillo, Enzo Troncone, and Pier Viecelli. Arranging Large Engineering Project in high hazard nation territories: the Evaluation of Local Content procedures in the Oil Gas industry through a strong arranging method. Global Journal of Systems Applications, Engineering Development 2.6 (2006): 213-221. Print. Slope, Charles. Worldwide Business: Competing in the Global Marketp lace ninth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print. Office of Fair Trading. Government in business sectors. London: Crown, 2009. Print.

Is Trying lying And are you truly committed to your New Years resolutions

Is Trying lying And are you really dedicated to your New Years goals An old buddy of mine as of late sent me his New Year’s goals: #1  Be here at this point. #2  Keep it genuine. #3  Try to answer email expeditiously. I was shocked by #3.â First, it was the one in particular that necessary explicit activity, and I asked why he would pick returning messages over the various significant moves to make in this world, and over a progressively broad duty to â€Å"Keep right up front and customary contact with individuals critical to me† or â€Å"Take activity rapidly on things of importance.† Considerably more than that, in any case, I was struck by the inclusion of the word â€Å"Try.† Is Trying Lying? I have gone through the most recent 10 years or so decreasing the rate of the word â€Å"try† in my verbally expressed and composed communications.â In a women’s strengthening program I was educated, â€Å"Trying is lying.† In a totally unique workshop, the teacher had somebody hold a tissue confine the air and stated, â€Å"Try to drop the tissue box.† The individual dropped the tissue box, and was met with, â€Å"No, you just dropped the tissue box. I advised you to attempt to drop the tissue box.†Ã¢ In another course, an alternate educator did likewise work out, asking a member to â€Å"Try to get that chair.†Ã¢ Trying to get it seemed as though clutching the seat and professing to get it yet not really doing it. â€Å"Trying† to accomplish something, as represented in these models, is on a par with not doing the thing by any means.  You’re not doing it, and you’re not doing it.â Trying leaves you in an in the middle of spot that, in my comprehension, is at last weak and incapable. Reasons, Excuses We as people regularly utilize trying as an excuse.â Have you gotten that venture done?â â€Å"No†¦ yet I tried!â I simply continued getting distracted.†Ã¢ Have you lost the weight you said you would?â â€Å"No†¦Ã‚ yet I tried.†Ã¢ Why isn’t your relationship going the manner in which you need it to?â â€Å"I don’t know†¦Ã¢ I’m making a decent attempt to make it work.†  We make statements like â€Å"I’ll attempt to be there on time† so that if we’re not on time we haven’t broken a promise.â We individuals are so subtle! At last, a decision is required.â Either you do it or you don’t.â If you don’t do it, I accept the most remarkable position is to assume liability that you didn’t do it.â If you’re still dedicated to an outcome, at that point accomplish something different that attempts to get that result.â As another shrewd individual brought up, the best approach to achieve any objective in life is to continue making a move until you accomplish it.â Sounds so straightforward doesn’t it? Empathy is Key My New Year’s goals companion couldn't help contradicting my interpretation of trying.â He composed, â€Å"I assert the significance of expressing, ‘I will try.’â Its like stating, ‘I intend.’â It makes an impression on myself as well as other people about how I am sorting out my profound energies.†Ã¢ When I inquired as to why he didn’t compose â€Å"Try† for his different goals, he reacted, â€Å"†¦ Its the just one of the three that doesnt come to me naturally.â So I should attempt harder.â :- )†Ã¢ (He additionally referenced that if following #3 were to repudiate #1 or potentially #2, he would decide not to follow #3.â We have all observed the antagonistic results of incautious or habitual messaging!) I comprehend the estimation of sympathy, and I comprehend that we here and there experience organizes in our degree of responsibility to a goal.â Perhaps a delicate section (like a guarantee to â€Å"try†) can be valuable for taking on guarantees we don’t know whether we will keep.â Certainly, on the off chance that we don’t meet one of our guarantees, it doesn’t help to pound ourselves about it.â Using the word â€Å"try† lets us succeed in any event, when we fail.â But can’t we have empathy regardless of whether we outline our guarantees as absolute?â If I resolve to â€Å"answer email promptly† rather than to â€Å"try† to do as such, and afterward I don’t answer instantly, I may be engaged by recognizing that I didn’t do it, taking a gander at why I didn’t do it, and, if suitable, making another guarantee or doing it an alternate path next time.â To me, that’s â€Å"keeping it real.â €  Genuineness The Best Policy New Year’s goals are famously not kept, and I wonder if the explanation is that individuals put a quiet, inferred â€Å"Try† before all of them.â If we really resolve to accomplish something, as opposed to attempt to do it, we carry on with an all the more impressive life and one where results will appear with greater dependability. In any event my companion put â€Å"try† where it could be seen, rather than imagining something was genuine that was most certainly not.  A direct affirmation of one’s inclination toward unsteadiness may be more impressive than having â€Å"trying† live in the unsaid.â At least with a legitimate guarantee, there’s space to grow.â In the end, we should each pick the language and aim that work for us, in administration of satisfying our most noteworthy guarantees and goals. Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinJanuary 9, 2012 6 Comments Ann says: January 10, 2012 at 9:41 am I think the word attempt is identified with the word willing. I realize that I will accomplish something, however that I may not complete it. At that point I work at it again being eager to succeed. Normally I save willing for those extraordinary large guarantees where I trust that each time I come up short, at any rate in my heart I was on the correct street and that I will continue working at it. I concede I fizzled. Being willing doesnt pardon me from conceding that. However, I keep the purpose. Sign in to Reply The Essay Expert says: January 10, 2012 at 11:25 am Much thanks to you Ann. So regularly individuals make goals however are not really ready to finish on them! Eagerness is by all accounts an important establishment for helping through on any guarantee. On the off chance that we are not willing, we won't do it. Sign in to Reply The Essay Expert says: January 10, 2012 at 11:43 am Yoda is a savvy fella! Sign in to Reply Fadl Isa says: January 11, 2012 at 2:29 pm Much obliged for helping me to remember the statement! Sign in to Reply Penelope J. says: January 10, 2012 at 1:44 pm Youre right. Attempting accomplish something isn't equivalent to an aim. Notwithstanding, instead of lying, the word attempting debilitates a goals and leaves an escape clause. Sick attempt to get thinner in the event that I can/if the stars are adjusted in support of me/in the event that it isnt excessively hard/in the event that I dont have such a large number of allurements/if things work out in a good way for me, and so forth. All things considered, better to attempt to have an objective or a goals than to have none by any means. At any rate, theres a mindfulness that something must be finished. Sign in to Reply The Essay Expert says: January 10, 2012 at 2:24 pm Indeed, attempting leaves space for a great deal of if explanations! Appears as though were adjusted on this one ðÿ™‚ Sign in to Reply

Identifying Eating Disorders

Identifying Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Diagnosis Print How Eating Disorders Are Identified By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 19, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 09, 2019 More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention If you’re coming to this page, it’s probably because you’ve noticed some problems with your eating or your weight. Or maybe someone else has expressed concern about your weight, appearance, or eating behavior. Maybe someone has suggested you have an eating disorder and you don’t believe it. You should know, though, that this is a common symptom of the illness. It can be hard to confront the possibility of an eating disorder. It is common to feel scared, confused, and ashamed. Real-life eating disorders are very different than how they are often portrayed in popular media. Eating disorders are not a choice or a symptom of vanity. They are serious mental illnesses caused by a combination of biological, environmental, and psychological factors. They can affect anyoneâ€"people of any gender, age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. You do not have to be underweight to have an eating disorder. Maybe friends and family have been expressing concerns about your weight loss. Maybe you are feeling increasingly scared around activities involving food. Maybe you’re feeling a loss of control around food. Maybe you’re spending more time at the gym and missing social activities. How do you know whether any of these issues are signs of a more serious problem? How do you know when a diet has gone too far? It can be hard to know! Warning Signs Some signs of an eating disorder can look a lot like behaviors that our culture considers virtuous. It can be hard to admit you have a problem when people around you are dieting, complimenting your weight loss, or asking for diet tips. Or you may feel ashamed about certain behaviors such as bingeing, purging, eating in secret, using laxatives, or chewing and spitting. So, what are some of the warning signs? Significant weight loss (or among growing children, a failure to gain weight)A food preoccupation that interferes with the ability to concentrateEngaging in bingeing, purging, or laxative useHiding food or secret eatingRefusing to eat with or extreme anxiety eating in front of othersFollowing strict dietary rules and experiencing distress if you break themAvoidance of foods previously enjoyedForgoing social, school, or work obligations in order to exerciseSignificant anxiety and self-consciousness regarding body shape or size Types of Disorders Each of the eating disorders has their own specific criteria. The most common eating disorders are: Binge eating disorder (BED)â€"involves consuming large amounts of food in a discrete period of time and the feeling that the eating is out of one’s control.Bulimia nervosaâ€"involves episodes of bingeing (out of control eating) alternating with behaviors aimed to compensate for the binges. These compensatory behaviors include fasting, overexercising, vomiting, and using laxatives.Anorexia nervosaâ€"involves restricted eating and maintenance of a lower than expected weight along with a fear of weight gain and distorted body image.Other specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED)â€"a category for anyone who has a significant issue with eating that does not neatly fall into one of the primary categories. Sometimes people with OSFED have some symptoms of one disorder and some of another. Or sometimes they fall just short of meeting the full criteria. This does not mean that they do not still suffer greatly.   While it is not the case that everyone who diets or worries about their eating or weight has a disorder, there is also not a fine line between normal and a problem. There are many individuals who have subclinical eating disorders. Subclinical eating disorders may be steps in the development of a full-blown eating disorder and can be the source of significant suffering in their own right. So, please don’t get caught up in diagnostic criteria if you think you have a problem. What to Do You may be feeling scared. You may be unwilling to admit that you have a problem. You may be ambivalent about getting help. It can be especially hard for some people with certain eating disorders to recognize  that they have a problem. This condition is called anosognosia and it may be related to changes in the brain due to malnutrition. If someone in your life is worried about you and you disagree with them about having a problem, there is a good chance they have a valid concern. Admitting you have a problem is an important first step. Eating disorders can cause serious medical problems and, in some cases, can be deadly. So, it is best to err on the side of caution and seek help for your eating problem. Early intervention increases the chance for a full recovery. The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) provides an online eating disorder screening tool. Seeking help is also recommended. NEDA has a confidential toll-free helpline. You can call and speak to a trained volunteer who can offer support and make referrals. The number is 800-931-2237. A Word From Verywell It is common to not feel sick enough and deserving of help. It’s hard to admit you have a problem. Asking for help can be one of the hardest things to do, but it’s so important because eating disorders that aren’t treated can become chronic and dangerous. You do not have to continue to live this way. Please seek help from a qualified professional. Know that getting better is hard work and has its ups and downs, but that full recovery from an eating disorder is possible.

End of Segregation - 933 Words

End of Segregation When African Americans first came to the United States, most of them were brought over to this land from their native homes as slaves, meant to do hard labor on farmlands owned by mostly wicked white plantation owners. They were not treated equally with white people in this country. In fact, African Americans were not even treated as people. Legislation in the United States after the American Revolution determined that a slave only counted as 2/3 of a person. The Dredd Scott Decision by the United States Supreme Court upheld the erroneous belief on the part of early Americans that slaves were property not people (Tsesis 2008, page 77). Following the American Civil War and the passage of the 19th Amendment, this changed and African Americans were finally granted citizenship in the United States. However, African Americans were still not anywhere near equal to whites in the United States, particularly throughout the southern states. Jim Crow laws in the south allowed for the segregation of African American and Caucasians in public places, such as bathrooms and schools. Even the United States Supreme Court upheld institutionalized segregation in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. Here, the Supreme Court ruled that having separate but equal facilities was still equal. The fact that black schools almost always had fewer and lower quality supplies, limited funds, and less advanced facilities were not taken into consideration with this ruling. This would be theShow MoreRelatedEnd of Segregation1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe End Of Segregation Christine E. Parthree HIS 204 Prof. Joshua Ozymy February 19, 2012 African Americans have helped to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to bring forth equality and civil rights by producing strong outstanding citizens like Roas Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. While segregation and isolation have completely ended for the African American people, discrimination is still around today. Rosa Parks was an outstanding woman. She spent all day workingRead MoreEvents to Help End Segregation549 Words   |  2 Pagesthat helped end segregation. The first being the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which had started because of the arrest of Rosa Parks on December 1st, 1955. It started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama to a white person, and because of this she was arrested, tried and convicted of disorderly conduct. The outrage sparked by her arrested led to a 13-month mass boycott of Montgomery buses. This boycott led to the Supreme Court’s decision to ban segregation on buses inRead MoreAmerican Views On Slavery And The End Of Segregation2276 Words   |  10 PagesGomez December, 3 2014 Professor Troy American People I Term Paper: First Draft Changes in American Views On Slavery and The End Of Segregation Slavery was America’s darkest era, during this time period Africans and African Americans were exploited, over worked, tortured, separated from families and sexually violated. Rules were also imposed to keep slaves from running away, formRead MoreRacism Is Still Alive, By The End Of Segregation1763 Words   |  8 Pages It has long been believed that by the end of segregation and slavery, racism too had died. However, this could not be farther from the truth. Racism has never truly died; it was simply kept hidden. Present day racism can be found in the forms of job denial, racial profiling, and cultural appropriation. Members of all non-white races such as African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans experience modern racism in their own way. Time may have moved forward, but not everyone’s thought processesRead MoreRacism Is Still Alive, By The End Of Segregation And Slavery1761 Words   |  8 PagesIt has long been believed that with the end of segregation and slavery, racism too had died. However, this could not be farther from the truth. Racism has never truly died; it was simply kept hidden. Present day racism can be found in the forms of job denial, racial profiling, and cultural appropriation. Members of all non-white races such as African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans ex perience modern racism in their own way. Time may have moved forward, but not everyone’s thought processesRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.s States Segregation Not Only Hurts Blacks but also Whites597 Words   |  3 PagesLuther King Jr. On April 16, 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. wrote his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, in which he responded to the Southern Clergy men’s letter appealing to the end of the demonstrations to end the demonstrations against segregation. King responded with his own letter pleading with the clergy to end segregation. In his letter he used examples of pathos, ethos, and logos to express himself to the clergymen. He also used his knowledge as a minister and a leader in his community to advanceRead MoreNelson Mandela s Eradication Of The Apartheid1327 Words   |  6 Pagespresident. Mandela and many other black South Africans worked hard to end the unjust segregation in South Africa, and they were successful in destroying the wicked apartheid system. Over 20 years after the eradication of the apartheid, is South Africa completely free of the past segregation and social problems it faced before? Even though activists like Mandela changed many social problems the country faced, sadly segregation and racism until this day haunts the country. The social problems in thisRead MoreA Boycott Of Martin Luther King Jr.1569 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. once exclaimed â€Å"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter† (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers†). Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks were the leaders of this extraordinary boycott against segregation and inequality laws. They fought to end bus segregation against blacks, whites and alao show that segregation laws were unfair. This led to people all around the world contributing to end segregation and have equal rights.Rosa Parks was a seamstress andRead MoreEssay on The Segregation of School in America1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe Segregation of School in America In history there are two major turning points in the fight for equal rights. The first was â€Å"Homer Plessey vs. The rail road company† of 1986. Homer Plessey was asked to sit in a black only carriage and refused; he was kicked off the train. He decided to take his case to the supreme court and they ruled in favour of segregation, saying â€Å"separate but equal†. Segregation had been occurring for many years already in the form of â€Å"The JimRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech1508 Words   |  7 PagesConference, a civil rights organization that founght to end racial segregation in the south (History-Civil Rights Movement). In August of nineteen-sixty-three, an event called the March on Washington took place, over two-hundred thousand Americans rallied for freedom and rights (Histor-March on Washingtony). At this event that King gave his iconic, â€Å"I have a dream speech,† that discussed the discriminations colored people faced, such as segregation. He states that, â€Å"One hundred years later, the life

A Business Report on Turkish Airlines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1796 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Overview of Turkish Airline Turkish Airline is the national air carrier for Turkey. The head office of Turkish Airline is located at Istanbul. With Istanbul Airport being the fundamental base for the firm, the Turkish transporter likewise has auxiliary center points at Esenboga International Airport, Adnan Menderes Airport and Sabiha Gokcen International Airport. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Business Report on Turkish Airlines" essay for you Create order Turkish Airline operates scheduled flight services to 41 domestic main cities within Turki and 206 international airports such as in Europe, Asia, America and Africa. The airline flies to 247 destinations which makes the airline the fourth-largest carrier in the world by number of destinations. The main importance that Turkish Airline emphasizes is to offer its employees with transparent working environment which supports team sprits and creativity. The employees situated all over the world could benefit from this because Turkish Airline is encouraging self-development where at an environment that the organization targets are internalized at every steps and levels. Other than that, ideas can also be shared and exchange freely among each other within the firm. All of the people who join the aviation world commit themselves to their professions at our airlines. In Turkish Airlines, we have a wide-ranging of activities and multicultural structure which provides our employee with a unique and great career opportunity in aviation. There are two important characteristic that we highly encourage which are effective team work and corporate loyalty. These qualities are very important for us because while the qualification of the employees adds a distinct to the organization, individual targets and organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objective are in coherence with each other. At Turkish Airlines, we employ candidates who are good in human relations, who open to different types of culture, to those who are dedicated on constant self-development, good in innovation and productivity. We also emphasize on producing competitive environment and believe that the value of team work should be focused in different types in our working environment. 1.10 Current Employees Below are the numbers of employees who are working for Turkish Airlines. The employees are categorized according to their job title, gender, education and etc. 1.2 Organization Structure The figure below shows the organization structure of Turkish Airlines. 1.3 Mission, Vision and Core Values 1.3.1 Mission Our mission is to become the world leading Air carrier with a wide coverage which adheres to all its strict laws and regulations with the flight safety procedure, reliability, good product line, best services and to be competitive in the industry. 1.3.2 Vision Our visions are: To become an air carrier with A continuous growth in airline business Zero or low crashes Best services in the world Best prices to match with low cost carriers Low sales and distribution cost which is below in the same industries Adaption to the modern principal by observing the shareholders and the stakeholders. 1.3.3 Core Values Below are the core values that we emphasize: Honesty Customer Satisfaction Respecting the Individuals Innovative Team Work Leadership Productivity Privacy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Open Doorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Policy 1.4 Job and the General Requirements of the Position Below are the categories of jobs which Turkish Airlines employs: Cabin Crew, Cockpit Crew Overseas Office Employees Administrative or Technical Department Employees (General Employment) 1.5 Job Analysis Questionnaire All the applicants are welcomed to Turkish Airlines according to the appointments designated by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s system. All the candidates shortlisted who meet the basic requirements are then subjected to written and verbal assessments. The assessment is made using modern selection methods The purpose of this job analysis is actually to obtain information about Steward based on job duties and responsibilities. Therefore we contacted a stewardess from Turkish Airlines. We sent him an e-mail because we cannot manage to meet him in person because of his working schedule. We have asked him to complete a questionnaire regarding his job duties. The following is the content of the email that he has replied. JOB ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE Please complete this questionnaire. Do it as honestly and accurately as you can. This questionnaire is all about your job. We hope that from your answers we could generate a jab analysis about the work of a steward. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us. Thank you. . QUESTIONS ABOUT YOU AND YOUR JOB What is your name : Alumin Kech What is the title of your job Steward How long have you been working in this position? 3 years Please state you immediate supervisorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name Mr Abbas What are the instruction given at you workplace? (Please tick one) X The instructions are specific and very detailed. The instructions given are general Instructions given are very general. Usually I must think myself. Please tick one of the followings: X My job usually is the same. It is very rare for me to make different approach. In my job, usually I need to take different approach. I usually develop new technics and approaches. How does ur supervisor check on your job? (Tick all that apply). ___X___sudden check while I am doing my job. _______checking progress only after I have completed my job. ___X___Check and review my job when I am doing it. _______Check and review only after I have completed my job. _______Does not check on my job. EQUIPMENTS YOU USE ON YOU JOB Name the tools, machines and devices that you use to do your job. There are actually no tools required to do my job. Its all about communications with the passengers. Describe the physical state when doing your job: Sitting on a chair, and using desk. X Occasionally sitting, standing, or stooping. X Usually standing or walking. X Carrying light objects X Carrying heavy objects EDUCATION Check the box which best indicates your formal education background. Minimum Requirements:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± High School  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± Vocational/Technical/Business School  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± College/Associates Degree  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± Bachelors Degree  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± Masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Degree  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± Doctorate Degree Do you find it necessary to continue your education required to advance in your career? No, I do not find it necessary, because as a steward, there are no needs for higher education. It is all about improving our communications skills so that we can interact with our passenger well. WORK EXPERIENCE What are the experiences needed for a new employee to fill in the position. An employee should always smile and must have good communication skills. Other than that, the employee must always be calm no matter what happens because the employee need to tolerate with the passengers Please tick the box below. What is the minimum time required in performing the similar job and obtaining the knowledge and skills for this position.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± Less than 6 months  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 6 months to 1 year  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 1 to 3 years  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 3 to 5 years  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 5 to 7 years  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 7+ years How much time does it required to learn about this job?  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 1 month  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 1 to 3 months  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 3 to 6 months  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 6 months to 1 year  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± 1 to 2 years  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± More than 2 years TYPE OF SKILL AND/ LICENCE/CERTIFICATION/REGISTRATION Please list all the skills, licensing, certification or registration needed to do this job. A steward doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need any special certificates. What they need is a good personality and good communication skills. 2.0 JOB SPECIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION In Turkish airlines job specification describes by the learning, abilities, training, knowledge, and capacities you accept are basics to performing a as pilots or stewardess. The employment determination is produced from the occupation investigation. Conceivably, likewise created from an itemized set of responsibilities, the employment detail portrays the individual you need to contract for a specific occupation. A job specification cuts to the detail risks hurting deeply with your necessities while the set of responsibilities characterizes the obligations and prerequisites of a representatives employment in point of interest. The employment detail gives point by point aspects, learning, training, aptitudes, and experience required to perform the occupation, with a review of the particular employment necessities. 2.1 Job Description Working as a flight attendant for a major airline is supposed to be a gorgeous and sensational job. The cabin crew is equally responsible for the safety and well-being of its passengers. Their duties include: To welcome passengers as they board and exit the plane To show the passenger their respective sits and to aid the elderly and disable people To serves foods and beverages To check the safety and emergency equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and provide information about the usage of the equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to the passenger. To deal with the Emergency plans and equipment To create and fill-up flight reports after each flight. The job can be emotionally difficult because the crew must deal with different passengers from different country and cultures. Cabin crews usually work at odd timings because their job are tied with the flight schedule and they might be replacing for their colleagues for emergency leave purposes. Usually there are some restrictions by the employers regarding those who are working as a cabin crew. For example, there shouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be any piercing or visible tattoos, well developed physical body structures and other criteria also. 2.2 Job Specification The qualities, appearance and health of an individual are usually more important than the education level that they possess although there are minimum levels of education background needed. A minimum qualification on education is enough as a minimum requirement because they will be trained regarding their job. Our airline will be sending our newly recruited cabin crew for training so that they can comple the training on safety, legal issues, and on how to treat the passenger better. There are also few choice of preliminary training available, which bring in candidates to skills and recruitment processes. 2.3 Key Skills Usually employers will look at: A good communication skills A first-rate interpersonal skills A calm person that could handle any situation in case of emergency. A good vision and have good hearing A good Fitness- Usually requires the cabin crew to swim at least 25 metres To tolerate with the timing of different zones. The purpose of the job description is to give potential applicants an accurate account scope and size of the post. It is a tool that individuals will use to assess their ability to perform the job and help them to decide if they wish to apply for the post. It will likewise be alluded to amid probation and at the representative evaluation every year. In Turkish airlines job specification describes by the learning, abilities, training, knowledge, and capacities you accept are basics to performing a as pilots or stewardess. The employment determination is produced from the occupation investigation. Conceivably, likewise created from an itemized set of responsibilities, the employment detail portrays the individual you need to contract for a specific occupation. A job specification cuts to the detail risks hurting deeply with your necessities while the set of responsibilities characterizes the obligations and prerequisites of a representatives employment in point of interest. The employment detail gives point by point aspects, learning, training, aptitudes, and experience required to perform the occupation, with a review of the particular employment necessities. 1

Golf Industry Competition Free Essays

Case #3: â€Å"COMPETITION IN THE GOLF EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY† From its earliest beginnings in the 1450’s, golf was a peculiar game that tested the individual skill of each person who played. It is a game that takes a player on a journey through a number of â€Å"greens. † The player must try to get the small, hard golf ball into the â€Å"green† or â€Å"putting green† which contains a hole in the ground. We will write a custom essay sample on Golf Industry Competition or any similar topic only for you Order Now The player can only hit the ball with a golf club. Golf equipment, such as golf clubs, golf balls, and the like are the subject of this report. There are five competitive forces: â€Å"competitive pressures stemming from buyer bargaining power and seller-buyer collaboration; competitive pressures coming from companies in other industries to win buyers over to substitute products; competitive pressures stemming from supplier bargaining power and supplier-seller collaboration; competitive pressures associated with the threat of new entrants into the market; and competitive pressures associated with rivalry among competing sellers to attract customers. This is usually the strongest force)† (Gamble Thompson, 2011). There are a handful of rival competitors in the golf equipment industry. The leading manufacturers and marketers of Golf Equipment were Callaway Golf Company, TaylorMade-Adidas Golf, Titleist/cobra Golf, Ping Golf and Nike Golf. Innovation in regards to new technology â€Å"as allowed by the USGA and RA, product performance, brand image, tour exposure, and price were the competitive forces that had the greatest effect on the industry. In 2009, most golf club manufacturers had met dimension, volume, CT, and MOI limits and were attempting to achieve differentiation in drivers by either lowering the center of gravity to increase launch angle or by offering clubs with adjustable features† (Gamble Thompson, 2011). The pace of rivalry is not becoming more intense since the industry services a limited amount of players and must work within the industry’s guidelines and regulations. Drivers of industry and competitive change include â€Å"changes in an industry’s ong-term growth rate; increasing globalization; emerging new internet capabilities and applications; changes in who buys the product and how they use it; product innovation technological change and manufacturing process innovation; marketing innovation; entry or exit of major firms; diffusion of technical know-how across more companies and more countries; changes in cost and efficiency; growing buyer preferences for differentiated products i nstead of a standardized commodity product; regulatory influences and government policy changes; and changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles† (Gamble Thompson, 2011, p 61). Differentiation of product, quality control, and touring professional golfers’ endorsements and their design preferences, along with other industry forces continue to shape the golf equipment industry. A charismatic professional touring golfer with perfected golf skills can bring a lot of positive changes to the golf industry. This might lead to increased awareness and viewership, an increased number of new golfers and returning golfers, and innovative design of products. Key success factors (KSFs) may include â€Å"particular strategy elements, product attributes, resources, competitive capabilities, or intangible assets†¦and answers these questions: on what basis do buyers of the industry’s product choose between the competing brands of sellers? That is, what product attributes are crucial? ; given the nature of the competitive forces prevailing in the marketplace, what resources and competitive capabilities does a company need to have to be competitively successful? and What shortcomings are almost certain to put a company at a significant competitive disadvantage? † (Gamble Thompson, 2011, pg 67, 69). Common key success factors include â€Å"technology-related; manufacturing-related; distribution-related; marketing-related; skills- and capability-related; and other types of KSFs† (Gamble Thompson, 2011, p 68). Technology, innovative design, and cost control are the key factors that determine success of companies competi ng in the golf equipment industry. Callaway Golf, Ping Golf, and Taylor-Made Golf utilized the innovations in club head design the best. Important factors in evaluating industry and competitive environment include: the industry’s growth potential; whether powerful competitive forces are squeezing industry profitability and whether competition appears destines to grow stronger or weaker; whether industry profitability will be favorably or unfavorably affected by the prevailing driving forces; the company’s competitive position in the industry vis-a-vis rivals; and how competently the company performs industry key success factors (Gamble Thompson, 2011, p 69). Net sales for Callaway Golf is: $1,117,204,000 in 2008 up from $934,564,000 in 2004; TaylorMade-Adidas Golf is: â‚ ¬812,000,000 in 2008 (when the exchange rate was 2. 008 US dollars for every â‚ ¬1) up from â‚ ¬633,000,000 in 2004; Fortune Brands’ Golf is: $1,369,000,000 in 2008 up from $1,212,000,000 in 2004. Operating income for Callaway Golf is: $84,188,000 in 2008 up from ($24,702,000) in 2004; operating profit for TaylorMade-Adidas Golf is: â‚ ¬78,000,000 in 2008 (when the exchange rate was 2. 008 US dollars for every â‚ ¬1) up from â‚ ¬60,000,000 in 2004; Fortune Brands’ Golf is: $125,000,000 in 2008 up from $154,000,000 in 2004. TaylorMade-Adidas Golf is doing extremely well. TaylorMade-Adidas Golf seem to have a strategy that copes strategically well with the competitive forces prevailing in the industry. The recession of 2008-2009 was very telling in the financial performance of the industry’s major sellers. Some increased financially while others decreased. Callaway Golf ‘s net sales decreased $7,387,000 in 2008 from 2007; TaylorMade-Adidas Golf’s sales increased by â‚ ¬8,000,000 in 2008 (when the exchange rate was 2. 08 US dollars for every â‚ ¬1) from 2007 numbers; Fortune Brands’ Golf decreased $31,000,000 in 2008 from 2007. I would recommend more research and development to Callaway Golf. I would also recommend that their employees play golf with their clubs, balls, and other equipment and suggest product design to an unbiased top management. Perhaps Callaway Golf could make a few high-end specialty items that cater to player preferences including players with disabili ties. Buyer access to its product line could also be streamlined and revamped to include low or no-cost shipping and handling. To Fortune Brands, I would recommend selling the golf division. It seems like Fortune is in the golf business to make money and although this is an essential trait, the golf business requires the company to be all in it to win it. I would recommend buyer seminars, classes, instruction offered to TaylorMade-Adidas Golf customers and business clientele. I would suggest that notification of these instructional seminars be marketed through high-end retailers and office pools in locations where golf is an accessible sport. Maybe a golf celebrity or other celebrity could show up at the seminars to increase the enthusiasm of TaylorMade-Adidas Golf product line. I would suggest that TaylorMade-Adidas Golf research the options of wider distribution points such as the internet and other outlets. If the issue is the instructional experience of the buyer, perhaps TaylorMade-Adidas Golf could offer some quick internet video access instruction or live instructional seminars (as mentioned above) to the internet buyer as well. Essentially, a company is to perform at its best capacity: â€Å"And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men† (Colossians 3:23) and â€Å"Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God† (Romans 13:1) REFERENCES Gamble, J. E. Thompson, Jr. , A. A. (2011). Essentials of Strategic Management: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Holy Bible (KJV). Public Domain. How to cite Golf Industry Competition, Essay examples

Ben Franklin the Ideal American free essay sample

A very frugal man at the start, Franklin counted every single penny; this sort of self-control corresponds with the idea of self determination. Epitomizing the Drags to riches story, Franklin makes is way from very humble beginnings to become an exceedingly affluent man. Spanning nearly the entire 1 century, the life of Benjamin Franklin can be considered especially emblematic of American ideals and the industrialist spirit of the early American nation. An entrepreneur at heart, Franklin quit the apprenticeship he had with his brother and moved by himself to a brand new city at only 17 years of age; he was ready for bigger and better things: l found myself in New York, near 300 miles from home, a boy of but seventeen, without the least recommendation to or knowledge of, NY person In the place, and with very little money In my pocket (21 This was a very bold move by Franklin. Traveling to New York and then even farther to Philadelphia was no easy feat In colonial times. We will write a custom essay sample on Ben Franklin: the Ideal American or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This type of travel was very risky, especially for a seventeen year old without any friends in the area or much money to speak of. This kind of daring adventure is characteristic of someone who believes very strongly in themselves. Franklin obviously held strong self confidence that he would be able to make it and succeed in this early American Nation. In true entrepreneur style, Benjamin Franklin was continuously identifying the demand of the American people.In 1732, he delivered an annual book of encouragement, information, and advice called Poor Richards Almanac. Discussing it in his autobiography, he says, l endeavored to make It both entertaining and useful, and It accordingly came to be In such demand, that I reaped considerable profit from It (89). Not only does Franklin produce this work that helps the American people, he also finds a way to make It profitable for himself. He Endeavored and worked very hard in order to make Poor Richards Almanac both for enjoyment and educational purposes.Franklin was also resourceful in that he utilized nearly every inch of the book, filling in the margins with useful information. Ben Franklin: the Ideal American By daffy became a successful printer, talented inventor, important diplomat, and celebrated author after publishing his own Autobiography. Thriving in the difficult business, Benjamin Franklin was the ultimate entrepreneur. A very frugal man at the Spanning nearly the entire century, the life of Benjamin Franklin can be any person in the place, and with very little money in my pocket (21).

Advertisement Essays - Marketing, Advertising, Communication Design

Advertisement annon Advertising is used to promote goods, services, images, and anything else that advertisers want to publicize. It is becoming a major part of mass media. At times we may view it positively, at other times we may just skip or ignore it. In order to attract audience, advertisers use various techniques on their advertisement to make people aware of the firm's products, services or brands. Although the methods used by advertisers are infinitely, they have a common goal to persuade those who may become their customers to buy their products. An excellent advertisement will create a deep impression on its potential customers through particular techniques. I chose this advertisement because it made me feel impressed and interested about the context of the ad. The particular techniques used in the picture made feel impressed and intended to interest in the financial services of Bank of America. This is an ad about some financial services that are offer by Bank of America. The picture and text on this ad is simple and colorless. The picture shows a kid drive a toy car toward to an unknown road. He is too young to choose the right road of his next step. He is also without enough ability to make a right decision about his future. Thus, his facial expression is scared because he never known which ways he will go next and he will be soon to face his future. The text below the picture says if we blink our eyes and our kid will be grow-up soon. It implies if we are being the parents of our kid, we have a responsibility to plan the futures for our kid. We also need a financial planning right now to support the necessary expense for our kid in the future. This ad reminds us about an established firm's services, characteristics, and benefits are available through financial services provide by Bank of America. We can plan early and make a decision now then we will take a great advantage of our family.

Starting Your Novel Start Your Author Platform Now - Freewrite Store

Starting Your Novel Start Your Author Platform Now - Freewrite Store Today’s guest post is by Zara Altair  (@ZaraAltair), writer of The Argolicus Mysteries set in ancient Italy.  Zara also coaches budding writers to create winning stories as  The Story Bodyguard  from her home near Portland, Oregon. It’s Never Too Early To Build and Promote In the world of publishing you as an author become a brand. You become a business, an author business, and you need to enter a business mindset. To promote your new author brand, you need a place to do that- your author platform. If you are starting a new novel and you think your fabulous, creative, innovative, engaging, exciting story will sell itself, welcome to reality. It won’t sell itself. You may dream of people reading your book and sharing their enjoyment with others. Before that happens, readers need to know about your novel. The best way to get started letting others know about your novel is through your author platform. Your book will compete with thousands of other books. You need to entice and win your readers to select your book out of the thousands of books out there. If you write in a popular genre, you need to differentiate your story from your competitors. Your author platform is the way you connect with your readers and fans. Provide information about you, the author, and your books on your platform. Why Now? First, if you wait until your novel is completed, or even later until it is published, you miss the chance to connect not only with readers, but with people in the publishing world. Agents want to see your platform before they represent your book. Many agents will not accept a book unless you have a platform designed and in place. You will co-promote with a traditional publisher. The reason the agent wants to see your author platform is that publishers want to know you put energy into promoting your book(s). If you are self-publishing, you will spend time weekly if not daily promoting your work. Creating your author marketing platform takes time. As you grow in experience with your platform, you’ll tweak and tweak again to create the most concise and enticing connection with you, the author. How To Start Your Author Platform The best way to start is with you, the author. You’ll need several author bios to distribute and a professional portrait. These bios will go on your website, social media introductions, press releases, digital publishing author pages (Amazon, Nook, iBooks, etc.), inside your book, on your dust jacket. You’ll need them handy whenever you promote yourself and your books. Book Description Write a description of your book. You will probably revise this many times, but write one. Pretend you are writing the blurb for the back cover. Your book description is not a synopsis of the story. You want targeted readers of your genre to want to buy your book and read it. Tell potential readers the genre up front. Zombie Apocalypse readers won’t read your sweet romance.   Focus on the main character and their challenge. Load your book description with emotional phrases that entice readers to buy your book. Think of your book description as a sales tool to get your readers to connect. Your Author Biographies Yes, you’ll need at least three author bios. Also, you’ll find yourself editing these bios for guest posts, author interviews, and other publicity. Start witha short one, 25-30 words, to post at the end of articles or on social media that does not allow for a long description, like Twitter. Then write at least two more, a 100-word bio and a 300-word bio. If you hire a publicist, or do your own publicity, you may want a 1000 word biography. You will rewrite these many times, but start with something now. A Photo: Your Professional Image Create a formal portrait of yourself both color and black and white. You can do this yourself with a plain background or hire a professional photographer. A formal portrait has a plain background with no distractions, so the focus is on you. Cover Image for Your Book Your book cover and book description are two key elements in book sales. You may think it’s too early to create a cover image, but it will be part of your promotion. Even before the book is out, you’ll want to entice readers.You’ll want this for your website and any promotions you may do. Don’t do this yourself. Your book cover is one of the strongest selling elements. Hire a professional book cover designer. Your cover design can range in price from pre-made where your insert your author name and book title for $25-$50 to a high-end professional who may charge $500 or more. Don’t skimp. Save your pennies to get the best designer you can afford. This is one reason to start early. You’ll spend time finding the right designer for your book cover. Create A Free Giveaway Create a giveaway for readers who join your email list. This can be a short novella, a chapter from your book, background about the theme of your story, or a biography of the main character. Use your imagination to create something special for your followers. Reward them for following you. Create Your Author Website Your author website is your home base. If Amazon, Barnes and Noble, or your publisher go out of business, you’ll still own your website. You can use free website services like WordPress.com or Weebly to get started. Or you can go one step up with a paid service like Squarespace. If you have time and resources, you can become more involved and intricate with a self-hosted website using WordPress.org. You will need to monitor and update the self-hosted website for updates or hire someone to manage the site for you. If you have a large budget, you can hire a website designer to create the site for you. Make sure you have access to add and change text. Basic pages for your website: An introduction to you as an author. Your bio and some words about why you are writing the book. A page just for the book. Give potential readers a taste of the book with the book description and a short excerpt. Once your book is published, you will add links to where readers can buy your book. A blog page. Most free and paid website services include a blog page. Update this with articles regularly, at least once a month if not more. The key is to consistently communicate with readers. Email - The Way to Stay in Touch with Readers However much you may like social media and hate a full email inbox, email is the number one way to stay in touch with your readers. Email is not dead. You’ll communicate in a personal way and respond to questions. So, set up your email functionality now. Even if the first subscribers are your mom and your best friend. Getting your email service set up now will save you time in the future as your list grows. There are several services (autoresponders) that provide email list services. To begin, you can start with a free service like MailChimp. As your list grows, consider a paid service such as AWeber. Set up your email list. Add yourself to the list to check that all your emails go out. Write a sequence of welcoming emails for your autoresponder. Create your invitation to join the list (landing page). Entice people to join with your free giveaway you created. Keep it simple and direct. Write Your Friendly Email Sequence Create a sequence of emails to go to people who join your list. Write a sequence of welcoming emails for your autoresponder. Here’s a sample email welcome sequence and timing: Day One: Thank your new subscriber. Introduce yourself and your books. Link to the free giveaway. Three days after previous: Did you miss the download? Insert the link to your free giveaway again. Keep it short and sweet. Three days after previous. More about how you wrote the book(s). Add your social media connection links and Amazon Author page and website. Invite your subscribers to follow you. One week after previous. A bit about you. Personal what I do. Pets. Activities, Photos of life. Invitation to read one of your books with link. One week after that. Invitation for free books forever by joining the beta readers group, advanced readers. Set up a separate email list for them and put the link in this message. Once again, set up your autoresponder with at least one welcoming message thanking them for their enthusiasm and telling them they will be receiving their advance copy when it is ready. You know how to do this now. Your Author Newsletter Use your email service to send out a newsletter to your fans regularly. Set a schedule and stick to it. Some authors write every day others send out the newsletter once a month. The frequency isn’t as important as the consistency. Each issue of your newsletter keeps your fans engaged. Most email services have an RSS feed service to bring your blog posts into your newsletter. If you write a regular blog, your subscribers will have a link to all the blog posts since your last newsletter. Start your newsletter right away, even if it’s only your mom and best friend on your list. Get yourself in the habit of creating and sending your newsletter. Set your newsletter writing date on your calendar. Set your publication date on your calendar. You’ll develop the habit of consistent communication. Social Media Social media is a great way to increase your exposure. Each platform like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google+, and others each has a distinct audience. To avoid author overwhelm, choose one social media vehicle as your main interaction focus. You can post on several but focus the majority of your posting and interaction on one. Spend time engaging with others, commenting on their posts, and interacting and sharing new content. Let your personality shine. To set up your social media account, you’ll use the bio, author portrait, and book cover you created in earlier steps. Educate Yourself About Author Marketing Author marketing is a skill set. Read various author help sites like this one. Take notes, test an action to see if it works for you. Then implement the actions that fit with your personal style. You’ve committed to your business as an author; this is your Research and Development. You’ll resonate with some advice and feel uncomfortable with some. If it feels uncomfortable, think about whether it’s because you need to learn a new skill set or if it doesn’t fit you and your readers. If it is a fit, learn the new skill set and incorporate it into your author platform. Successful Authors Manage Writing and Promotion Time The skill you learn from setting up your author platform is the ability to manage writing and promotion time. To be a successful author you need to practice both consistently. You’ll build your audience of readers long before your first novel is finished. They will help you kick start your book launch. Your career as an author is a business. Develop your business skills with your consumers, your readers, by communicating with them. Don’t be afraid to learn as you go. Starting early gives you the opportunity to fine tune before you complete your novel. If all of these activities to set up your author platform seem like work, they are. If you are serious about your novel, you want to give it the most attention you can through your author platform. When you start now, while you are writing your first novel and work on your author platform in tandem with your writing, you will be well positioned to create a successful book launch. New author, tell me your opinion! Have you started your platform? Are you hung-up with keeping it going? What’s your biggest challenge? Tell me in the comments!    Zara Altair  (@ZaraAltair) writes The Argolicus Mysteries set in ancient Italy featuring patrician Argolicus and his lifelong tutor, Nikolaos: The Used Virgin, The Peach Widow, and The Roman Heir. She writes for the web as a semantic copywriter and is working on a book for writers: SEO for Authors.  Zara also coaches budding writers to create winning stories as The Story Bodyguard from her home near Portland, Oregon.

Trading Blocs NAFTA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trading Blocs NAFTA - Case Study Example Under the NAFTA, all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade between the United States and Mexico were eliminated. In addition, many tariffs were eliminated immediately, with others being phased out over periods of 5 to 15 years. This allowed for an orderly adjustment to free trade with Mexico, with full implementation beginning January 1, 2008 (North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 2011). It should be noted that the elimination of non-tariff barriers would help free flow of goods and services between United States and Mexico. Same way free flow of goods and services are in place with Canada also. In short, these three countries are benefitted immensely because of the formation of NAFTA. Another major advantage of NAFTA is the increment of bargaining power of these countries in international market. These three countries are producing certain goods and services which are rare in other countries. Regional co-operation helps these countries to fix prices for their products in international market. In the absence of regional co-operation, these countries may compete each other international market which is not good for the interests of any of these countries. In short, NAFTA helps America, Mexico and Canada to work on a common platform to safeguard their interests. Increased cooperation between these countries may result in increased integration of this region under one umbrella. NAFTA created the world's largest free trade area, which now links 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services.

The United States Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The United States Constitution - Essay Example The constitution is composed of a preamble, the main body, and amendments (www.enchantedlearning.com, The Constitution of the United States). This very important body of laws sets up the United States with a federal government as the national government plus state governments and specifies the state as a republic, with an elected President, a bicameral congress and a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court (www.enchantedlearning.com, The Constitution of the United States). With all these laws and specifications, we need to know what are behind the minds of the framers who came up with the law of the land. It is important to know how the framers of the Constitution balance the competing claims of local self-government, sectional interests, and the national authority. The Competing Claims of the Local Self-Government We can really see that there is a diversity of the people in the United States. Thus the framers of the Constitution aimed to create a strong government that is receptive and open to the will of the people. But unknown to the people, the concept of the self-government did not begin with the Americans but started in England. To address the issues on diversity of the people, the Articles of Confederation tried to unite these self-governing states. The Constitution was made to balance the claims of these self-governing states. ... They made sure that the powers are not in incongruity with the needs and welfare of the nation as a whole. The framers clarified that the states will continue to possess their powers to matters such as education, public health, business organizations, work conditions, marriage and divorce, local taxation and ordinary police powers. Thus the Constitution was able to provide and address the differences of the states (Targonski, 2000). The Competing Claims of Sectional Interests In a large and diverse country such as the United States, there is no way that there is unity among the interests of the people. Thus there exists faction, groups, organizations, political parties to address there united and common interests among them. These groups are said to endanger the rights of others thus the framers of the Constitution gave their best to mediate and balance these competing sectional interests. The best way to address this problem is to have a proper form of government that must be able t o prevent any faction, whether minority or majority, from imposing its will against the general good. The republican or representative form of government is the best protection from diverse and sectional interest. The best way to mediate and balance these claims is to have them represented to the government. In this way, the sections or factions will not think that they are left out and not given importance by the government. The republican state adheres to the principle of pluralism which is said to address the issues on conflicting passions and interests (Targonski, 2000). The Claims of National Authority It is really difficult for the Unites States to administer and govern a lot of citizens given the 13 states.

Theory of Social Darwinism and the Impacts on Indigenous Australians

Theory of Social Darwinism and the Impacts on Indigenous Australians Social Darwinism is a social theory that Natural Selection in Darwins Theory is used to human society. Social Darwinism is evaluated from Darwins Theory. However, Social Darwinism is a belief and it is popular in the late Victorian ear in England, America and elsewhere. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the theory of Social Darwinism and its impacts on indigenous Australians. This essay will firstly have a brief introduction. Following it, it will discuss the theory of Social Darwinism. After that, it will explain the impact of Social Darwinism on indigenous Australians. Finally, it will be a conclusion of the essay. Theory of Social Darwinism The theory of Social Darwinism was put forward by Herbert Spencer in 19th century. Social Darwinism is the general term which applies to several different ways in which people (not biologists) tried to apply a distorted and narrow interpretation of the concept of natural selection to human cultural systems. (Peter, 2003) The popularity of Social Darwinism lasted from 19th century to World War II. Some people even think modern biology can be classified into Social Darwinism. The concept of Social Darwinism firstly appeared in American Historian Richard Hofstadters book in 1944> (Thomas, 2009) Social Darwinism is a kind of concept. This concept thinks that the core of Darwinism-natural selection is a common phenomenon in the human society. Theory of Social Darwinism thinks that natural selection plays an important role in the human evolution and development. Social Darwinism has ever been used by its supporters to name on the social inequality, racism and imperialism. Social Darwinism itself is not a political tendency.Some Social Darwinists use this concept to illustrate the social progress and inevitable change. Some Social Darwinists think that human degradation is inevitable. As the same as Theory of Evolution, Social Darwinism is usually involved in the debate on Eugenics. Social Darwinism also derived some concepts, including competition, eugenics and racism. Competition A simplified view of Social Darwinism is that people, especially for men, have to compete to survive in the future. They can not give any assistance to the poor because they must feed themselves. Most of Social Darwinism in 21st century supports the improvement of working conditions and higher wages in order to give the poor the opportunity to feed themselves, so that self-sufficiency is better than those who are lazy, weak or poor. Eugenics Another social interpretation of Social Darwinism is Eugenics. This theory is developed by Darwins cousin, Francis Galton. Galton believes that peoples physical characteristics are significantly from generation to generation. Therefore, the human brain qualities (genius and talent) have the same principle. Then the community should have a clear genetic decision to improve eugenics. Racism The racial superiority and competition ideology in the end of 19 century and early of 20 century are associated with Social Darwinism. The basic race concept of Social Darwinism is that white race should educate other races of people in the world by a civilized way. Darwins Evolution Theory divides the race on the basis of Genetic Bifurcation and Natural Selection Theory. Genetic Bifurcation is a group of genetic material which isolated with each other, so they can develop its own unique genetic characteristics. This theory is applies to all living organisms. Because of gene bifurcation, people have different races and ethnic groups. Impacts on of Social Darwinism on indigenous Australians Theories of Social Darwinism brought the disaster to indigenous Australians. Australian continent appeared before 60, 000 years ago. Most of the indigenous Australians were isolated from the rest of world before Europe settled in Australia. After the settlement of British, population of indigenous Australians reduced by 90%, which is also influenced by Social Darwinism. In the early of the twentieth century, Social Darwinism was also popular in Australia. The Racial Theories of Social Darwinism were used to justify settler treatment of the indigenous Australians, as subhuman, primitive and an inferior race. Social Darwinism accelerated the death of indigenous Australians. As the skin color of indigenous Australians is similar to black, people are easy to link them to Blacks. Racism discrimination emerged with the popularity of Social Darwinism. The Aborigines Protection Act 1909 established camps to provide a place for the doomed race to die off as indigenous Australian would inevitably become extinct. (Eleanor, 2002) Even cruel is that indigenous Australians were treated like experimental animals, which were allowed by settle policy. Between 1920 and 1930, thousands of indigenous Australians were used to scientific investigation into brain capacity and cranium size. Australian fascination with eugenics is similar to the obsession of Nazi Germany so ciety in relation to the Jews in the 1930s and early 1940s. (Geoffrey, 2004) Eugenics Theory of Social Darwinism also impacted on indigenous Australians. Children of mixed indigenous Australians and Europeans descent were called half-castes and a threat to so-called racial purity. (Dickens, 2000) According to the Eugenics Theory, the policy took these children far away from their parents to breed the blackness out of them. Based on Eugenics Theory, about 100,000 children with indigenous blood were taken away from their families. Parents did not know where they children were and were not allowed to trace them. At the same time, these children did not know who were their parents and thought they were orphans. The racist government thought the problem could be solved if indigenous Australians were dying out. As a result, these children were called Stolen Generations. Settler policy believed that white, Christian families and boarding schools was the best environment in which to raise Aboriginal children. They believed they were doing what was protecting them and was best for them, whether the children or their parents liked it or not. (Read, 2001) Conclusion Conclusively, Social Darwinism is a popular social evolution theory in 19 century. The theory itself did not contain any political position and it has ever been linked with politics. Influenced by the theories of Social Darwinism, many indigenous Australians were treated cruel and populations of indigenous Australians were reduced very much. Today, indigenous Australians share equal rights with other racial people in spite of existence of racial discrimination. It is wished that the world could eliminate the racial discrimination in future and every person could be treated equally.

Government Intervention in Market

The Market Structures The complete economic activities are handled in four different market structures, namely perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. The nature and degree of competition varies among the all the above-mentioned four markets. In summarized manner we can describe that as the number of sellers increases, each firms’ ability to charge high prices reduces.If number of buyers increases then buyers practice to purchase the goods at his choice price diminishes. The sellers have to face price competitions if the product is homogeneous and price and non-price competition exist if goods are differentiable. A large number of buyers and sellers make competition perfect. A homogeneous good with a number of sellers put the market in competition but a homogeneous good in a few sellers and a number of buyers leads the competition in another directions and put sellers in relatively good position.The complete knowledge of buyers and sellers regard ing market price and goods encourage fair competition on the other hand incomplete knowledge of product, alluring misleading advertisements and forced differentiation of the goods break the pure competition. Production of a good by a particular producer or a few producers put the economy in their hands (monopoly) but if only a few buyers or a union of the buyers is controlling (monopsony) the market then market becomes non-competitive.All of the above there are some peculiar goods, which are non-excludable (can be consumed by any one without paying the cost) and non-rivalrous (no one has exclusive right over its consumption), that are not produced by any profit making companies such as military service to protect the nation. Market Failure Causes From the above discussion it is very clear that except perfect competition rest three market structures are not fulfilling the optimal criteria of economy i. e. high over all economic growth, full employment and fair distribution of income among the different parts of the society.The reasons for such market failure or non-attainment of the Pareto optimality (efficiency in exchange/consumption, efficiency in production and overall Pareto efficiency) are as follows: 1. Imperfect Market: Whenever the market is imperfect as under monopoly, monopolistic competition or oligopoly, the perfect market will fail to achieve the Pareto optimal conditions. 2. Externalities: If the prices in a market do not reflect the true marginal costs and/or marginal benefits associated with the goods and services traded in the market then there must be present of some externality.If the productivity of an individual affects the benefits of the others is called the production externalities and if the consumption levels of others affect the welfare of the individuals then consumption externalities occur. 3. Public Goods:Because public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, they are not sold in a free market like private goods. Therefore, th ey cannot be provided by private firms. 4. Increasing returns to scale:There are increasing return to scale or decreasing costs due to technical externalities that lead to market failure under perfect competition.When there are increasing returns to scale in a perfect competitive market, they lead either to monopoly or to losses. 5. Asymmetric or Incomplete information:In the real world, there is asymmetric or incomplete information due to ignorance and uncertainty on the part of buyers and sellers of goods. Thus they are unable to equate social and private benefits and costs. Type of Government Intervention At this stage Government intervention comes into effect and Government try to provide the following benefits: 1. Control non-competitive behavior of the firms. a. Taxation of monopoly profits (the Windfall Tax) . Regulation of oligopolies/cartel behavior c. Policies to introduce competition into markets (de-regulation) 2. Using Tax or subsidies or by environmental policies comba t externalities. 3. Provide public goods. a. Direct provision of public goods (military services) b. Price controls for the recently privatized utilities 4. Provide information and assure information flow by various law and policies. 5. Government changes the income distribution by society by imposing income tax and inheritance taxes etc. Why corn/ soybean or wheat like agricultural commodity market do not need government intervention:The agriculture commodity market for corn/wheat/soybean like commodities fulfill the conditions of perfect competitive market as a) Many small producers b) Homogeneous product c) Many buyers d) Free entry and exit e) All the producer’s face the same cost as they have equal access to the same technology. In the perfect competitive market a seller/producer has to simply determine how many units to produce and sell at the current equilibrium price. If a perfectly competitive firm earns short run economic profit, new firms enter in the long run and market supply increases hence the price decreases.As the price falls each firm’s economic profit diminishes. To restore the economic profit, existing firms make every effort to become more efficient, but their success encourages further entry in the market. Due to this continuous entry in the market in the long run each firm get a normal profit. If firms face the economic loss in the perfect competitive market and they are optimally efficient with current available technology then this environment compels some (weaker) firms to leave the market in the long run. As some firms exit, the market supply decreases and price increases.The process continues in the long run till each surviving firms earn a normal profit. The graph below demonstrates the longrun equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market, where profit equals zero: [pic] We observe that the following is the case for a perfectly competitive market in long-run equilibrium †¢ Profit (? ) = 0 because P = ATC. †¢ P = MR = MC = ATC. †¢ The firm is producing the quantity where ATC is at its minimum point. Technological Efficiency:At given cost of production (resources used) if the output produced is maximized then it is called technological efficiency.From the above diagram it is clear that the firm is technologically efficient as it is producing the output at the lowest point of its cost curve (ATC). It is natural as i) All profit maximizing firms want to increase their profit by minimizing the cost of production; as in the perfect competition they cannot raise the prices of homogeneous product. ii) As in long run profit equals to zero for a perfectly competitive firm, hence, if the firm does not choose to minimize the production-cost, ATC will increase and profit would be less than zero.Allocative Efficiency:It occurs when resources are allocated to the production of goods in such a manner that society is a well off as possible. Marginal social cost (MSC) captures the opportunity cost of using another input in the production of a good, where opportunity cost refers to the best alternative use of an input. If more of a good is demanded in the market, additional inputs (e. g. labor, electricity, etc. ) are required to produce additional output of that good. We can measure the cost of added production by looking at the marginal cost (MC) of producing one more unit of the good.The rule to achieve allocative efficiency is that the additional benefits received by consumers from consumption of a good equal to the incremental costs of producing another unit of that good. MSB = MSC To achieve allocative efficiency in the use of productive inputs, marginal social benefit must equal marginal social cost for a good or service. If marginal social benefit is greater than marginal social cost (MSB > MSC) then the benefits attained by consumers from the consumption of another unit of the good or service exceeds the opportunity cost of the allocation of additional inputs into the production of that good.In other words, when MSB > MSC, society wants more of the good produced and uses the market to signal that desire. How does the market convey this information? Since price (P) equals marginal social benefit (MSB) and marginal cost equals marginal social cost (MSC), we have the condition that: P = MSB = MSC = MC; or P = MC So the Pareto optimality conditions fulfilled. Hence the agriculture commodity markets for corn/wheat/soybean like commodities need not any government intervention. Local Cable TV or local gas company need government intervention:The local cable TV or local gas company in many countries works as a monopolist. The required conditions to be a monopolist are: 1. There is one seller or producer of a homogeneous product. 2. There is no close substitution of the product available 3. There is perfect competition in the factor market so that it can minimize the cost of the production 4. There are many buyers of the product but none of them c an influence the price of the product. 5. There is no threat of entry of exit. Given above assumptions, the price, output and profit under monopoly are determined by the forces of demand and supply.The monopolist has complete control over the supply of the product. He is also a price maker who can set the price to his maximum advantages. But he cannot fix the price and output simultaneously. Either he can fix the price and leave the output to be determined by the consumer demand at that price or he can fix the output to be produced and leave the price to be determined by the consumer demand for the product. Thus whatever price he fixes, whatever output he decides to produce are determined by the condition of demand. [pic]We observe that the following is the case for a perfectly competitive market in long-run equilibrium †¢ Profit (? ) >= 0 because P >= ATC. †¢ P >= MR = MC †¢ The firm does not produce the quantity where ATC is at its minimum point. Technologi cal Efficiency:Although each firm in monopoly want to reduce it’s cost of production to maximize the profit yet the industry/ market does not produce the output at the minimum point of ATC so the monopoly market is technologically not efficient. Allocative Efficiency:As we have already discussed that the condition to attain allocative efficiecy isP = MSB = MSC = MC; or P = MC But as P is greater than MC in the case of monopoly so it is inefficient on allocation basis, which is called deadweight welfare loss (social cost). We may say that the monopoly leads to misallocation and underutilization of resources and reduction in consumer’s welfare. Government may impose regulations to control a monopoly: For industries where the average total cost curve displays tremendous economies of scale, the government may decide that having a single provider is desirable.Using the measures of productive and allocative efficiency, regulators know that when left alone, a profit maximizin g monopoly produces less of the good or service than is desired by society and at too high of a cost. Regulated monopolies agree to adhere to government oversight in order to sustain their monopoly status. 1. Forbidding the formation of monopolies (e. g. , antitrust laws) 2. Forbidding monopolistic behavior (like predatory pricing) 3. Ensuring standards of provision. 4. Ensuring competition exists (e. g. deregulation) 5. Imposition of a lump-sum tax on a monopolist (shifts AC upwards), and supernormal profits are taken as tax. Governments may also regulate MC/AC pricing for monopolies. Effects of MC/AC regulating pricing by government intervention : Marginal Cost Pricing : Regulators set price where marginal cost equals demand. This is the most efficient solution as allocative efficiency is achieved: P = MC and therefore MSB = MSC. But the firm is losing money, as total revenues are less than total costs (see the figure given below).In the long run, if this condition prevails, the f irm will shut down and cease to operate, not especially a desirable outcome if the monopoly provides an essential good or service such as electricity or water. It is sometimes called optimal price regulation. It does not work with natural monopolies (they will not earn a profit, and would exit the industry). See the following figure. Average Total Cost Pricing : For natural monopolies, the regulator can force monopolies to charge the price where ATC crosses Demand.At this price economic profit will be zero, although there will be normal accounting profits. Sometimes called non-optimal price regulation. This is a more efficient outcome than no regulation at all. Price still exceeds marginal cost and therefore, marginal social benefits exceed marginal social costs. With average cost pricing, allocative and productive efficiency are not achieved. The firm earns accounting profits but no economic profits. Smaller deadweight loss than unregulated monopoly. See the diagram given below. [p ic]

Statistik dalam penyelidikan pendidikan

PENDAHULUANTajuk ini dipilih kerana parity pengkaji hendak mengetahui tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi ( TMK ) di kalangan guru-guru Sains sekolah menengah di daerah Gombak bagi memastikan kejayaan mengintegrasikan teknologi ke dalam bilik darjah. Pendidik yang berkompetensi teknologi memahami hubungan di antara fungsi asas komputer dan pembelajaran pelajar. Setiap kali suatu teknologi baru diperkenalkan dalam bilik darjah, ada pihak yang Akan menyokong dan mendakwa teknologi ini Akan merevolusikan cara guru mengajar, cara murid belajar dan secara amnya keseluruhan cara pendidikan dikendalikan. Dalam abad ke-21 ini, negara menghadapi cabaran baru kesan daripada globalisasi, liberalisasi, pengantarabangsaan dan perkembangan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi ( TMK ) . Sehubungan dengan itu Malaysia memerlukan modal insan yang juga celik TMK, progresif dan mampu bersaing di pasaran kerja planetary. Oleh itu, guru-guru perlulah lebih `competent ‘ dan `well-informed ‘ , dimana seseorang guru itu berkemampuan mengolah maklumat dan pengetahuan yang sebegitu banyak dengan ketajaman daya analisisnya dan kemampuannya untuk berfikir secara integratif dan conceptual. Ini akan membolehkannya bertindak balas dengan cepat terhadap perkembangan pesat di sekitarnya. Beberapa masalah timbul mengenai pengetahuan tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi di kalangan guru-guru Sains di sekolah menengah. Antaranya adalah:Sejauh manakah tahap penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Adakah penggunaan TMK membantu meringankan beban guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah faktor-faktor yang mendorong dan menghalang penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?OBJEKTIF KAJIANObjektif kajian ini ialah untuk:Untuk mengenalpasti tahap frekuensi penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Untuk mengenalpasti tahap frekuensi bentuk bahan TMK yang digunakan oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Untuk mengenalpasti faktor yang mendorong penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Untuk mengenalpasti faktor yang menghalang penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Untuk mengenalpasti kelebihan penggunaan TMK dalam P & A ; P Sains.SOALAN KAJIANKajian ini dijalankan untuk menjawab beberapa persoalan mengenai tahap penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Apakah tahap frekuensi penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah tahap frekuensi bentuk bahan TMK yang digunakan oleh gu ru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah faktor yang mendorong peggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah faktor yang menghalang penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah kelebihan penggunaan TMK dalam P & A ; P Sains?METODOLOGIDua teknik analisis telah digunakan dalam kajian ini, yakni yang pertama analisis deskriptif dan yang keduanya adalah analisis inferensi. Statistik deskriptif membantu mengatur, memaparkan dan menerangkan informations dengan menggunakan jadual, graf dan teknik rumusan. Terdapat lapan puluh responden, oleh itu ianya boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai sesuatu populasi. Selain daripada itu, statistic inferensi pula merangkumi teknik atau langkah yang menggunakan sampel ujikaji untuk membuat keputusan dan generalisasi terhadap sesuatu populasi. Justeru, demi memenuhi keperluan ujikaji, dua jenis analisis deskriptif telah digunakan. Analisis ini menggunakan peratus untuk menerangkan maklumat tentang latarbelakang responden seperti jantina, umur, bangsa, opysen, bilangan tahun mengajar matapelajaran sains dan latarbelakang pendidikan tertinggi. Analisis yang disertakan dalam kajian ini turut mengandungi peratus, min, sisihan piawai, mod, average serta julat minimal dan maximal untuk menerangkan pembolehubah-pembolehubah yang telah dipilih diatas. Selain daripada itu, empat jenis statistik inferensi turut digunakan dalam kajian ini. Chi- kuasa dua digunakan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara dua pembolehubah nominal, iaitu jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar matapelajaran Sains. Ujikaji-T pula telah digunakan untuk menentukan min antara pembolehubah-pembolehubah tidak bersandar. Korelasi Pearson R, juga telah digunakan untuk menganalisa perhubungan di antara pembolehubah-pembolehubah tidak bersandar. Pembolehubah-pemboleh ubah yang dikaji adalah tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh guru, serta kelebihan penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains.SAMPEL KAJIANDalam kajian ini, sampel terdiri daripada guru-guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran Sains di sekolah menengah. Sampel kajian ini dipilih secara rawak mudah yang terdiri daripada pelbagai bangsa dan agama. Persampelan rawak mudah merupakan proses menggunakan sampel bila mana individu dalam populasi mempunyai kebarangkalian yang sama untuk dipilih. Bilangan sampel terdiri daripada 80 Pongo pygmaeus guru yang mengajar dalam mata pelajaran Sains di sekolah menengah.INSTRUMEN KAJIANDalam kajian ini satu set soal selidik telah digunakan untuk mengumpul informations iaitu: –Bahagian A: Soal Selidik Latar Belakang RespondenBahagian B: Soal Selidik Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Oleh Guru-Guru Sains ( TPTMK )Bahagian C: Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( FPTMK )Bahagian D: Kelebihan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( KPTMK )Bahagian A: Soal Selidik Latar Belakang RespondenBahagian A adalah soal selidik berkaitan dengan maklumat diri subjek. Antara item-item yang dimuatkan untuk mendapatkan maklumat pe ribadi guru ialah umur, jantina, bangsa dan opysen matapelajaran, Di samping itu juga, soal selidik ini berkaitan dengan sumber maklumat mengenai bilangan tahun mengajar dalam mata pelajaran Sains dan latar belakang pendidikan tertinggi. Sumber maklumat ini telah diubah suai oleh pengkaji agar bersesuaian dengan kajian yang dijalankan. Subjek diminta menandakan ( / ) terhadap sumber maklumat yang berkaitan dengan diri subjek.Bahagian B: Soal Selidik Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( TPTMK )Bahagian ini adalah doal selidik mengenai tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi terhadap subjek yang dikaji. Alat kajian ini sebenarnya menguji tentang kekerapan tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi subjek dalam Masa seminggu dan juga tahap kekerapan penggunaan peralatan, perkakasan atau perisian yang dibekalkan semasa pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Responden dikehendaki menjawab dua puluh Lima soalan dengan menggunakan dua pilihan jawapan iaitu ya atau tidak.Bahag ian C: Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains. ( FPTMK )Bahagian C adalah soal selidik berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor yang mendorong dan menghalang penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Dalam bahagian ini juga, responden dikehendaki menjawab Lima puluh soalan dengan menggunakan dua pilihan jawapan iaitu ya atau tidak.Bahagian D: Kelebihan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains. ( KPTMK )Bahagian D pula, merupakan soal selidik berkaitan dengan kelebihan penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Bahagian ini terbahagi kepada dua kumpulan soalan. Responden dikehendaki menjawab soalan dengan menggunakan dua pilihan jawapan iaitu ya atau tidak.PEMBOLEHUBAH KAJIANPembolehubah bebas dalam kajian ini ialah umur, jantina, bangsa, bilangan t ahun mengajar dan latarbelakang pendidikan tertinggi. Manakala pembolehubah bersandar adalah tahap penggunaan TMK dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi serta kelebihan penggunaan TMK. Soalselidik ini terbahagi kepada empat bahagian iaitu Bahagian A, B, C dan D. Bahagian A mengandungi pembolehubah-pembolehubah di bawah:JantinaUmurBangsaOpysenPengalaman mengajar matapeajaran SainsLatarbelakang Pendidikan TertinggiDalam kajian ini terdapat satu set borang soal selidik yang mengandungi tiga bahagian iaitu Bahagian A, Bahagian B, Bahagian C dan Bahagian D. Dalam Bahagian A, soal selidik latar belakang responden digunakan untuk mengumpul maklumat daripada responden, bilangan tahun mengajar dan latarbelakang pendidikan seperti yang dipaparkan di atas. Bahagian B pula, adalah soal selidik berkaitan dengan tahap penggunaan TMK guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Soal selidik tentang tahap penggunaan TMK ini terdiri daripada item-item yang berkaitan dengan tahap kekerapan mengunakan TMK dalam seminggu semasa sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Selain itu, item-item berkaitan dengan kekerapan menggunakan peralatan, perkakasan atau perisian TMK dalam Masa seminggu. Bahagian C, adalah berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Dalam bahagian ini item-item yang terdapat dalamnya adalah berkaitan dengan faktor mendorong dan menghalang responden dalam menjayakan pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains dengan menggunakan TMK. Bahagian D, adalah mengenai kelebihan penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Bahagian ini terdiri daripada 50 soalan tertutup yang memerlukan responden menjawab ya atau tidak. Soalan -soalan yang dikemukankan merangkumi, kebaikan dan kelebihan TMK dalam meringankan beban guru dengan menjimatkan Masa, tenaga dan coss dalam penyediaan sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains.LATARBELAKANG RESPONDENItem-item dalam bahagian A soal selidik secara umumnya digunakan untuk mengenalpasti demografi responden Dari aspek umur, jantina, bangsa, opsyen, bilangan tahun mengajar matapelajaran Sains dan latar belakang akademik responden. Seramai 80 Pongo pygmaeus responden yang terdiri daripada 100 % guru Dari Lima buah sekolah menengah di sekitar daerah Gombak. Seramai 40 Pongo pygmaeus responden terdiri daripada guru lelaki, manakala selebihnya merupakan guru perempuan. Majoriti respoden Lelaki and Perempuan masing masing adalah 50 % ( n=40 ) Majoriti respoden adalah dalam lingkungan 30-34 tahun iaitu sebanyak 31 % ( n=25 ) .Diikuti 30 % ( n=24 ) adalah responden dalam lingkungan umur 25-29 tahun. Umur 35-39 ( n=2 ) responden adalah sebanyak 15 % manakala 14 % responden adalah dalam lingkungan 40-44 tahun. 45 keatas adalah sebanyak 6 % dan 4 % adalah umur diantara 20-24 tahun. Majoriti responden adalah Bangsa Melayu iaitu 44 % ( n=35 ) .Dikuti oleh bangsa Cina 28 % ( n=22 ) , 21 % ( n=17 ) adalah bangsa India, manakala 8 % ( n=6 ) adalah dalam kategori lain lain. Majoriti responden 85 % ( n=68 ) adalalah Dari aliran Sains, manakala 15 % ( n=15 ) adalah dalam aliran Bukan Sains. Sejumlah 39 % respoden ( n=31 ) mempunyai Pengalaman Mengajar diantara 4-6 tahun, 0-3 tahun dalam sebanyak 34 % ( n=27 ) , dikuti 7-9 tahun 20 % ( n=16 ) dan hanya 8 % ( n=6 ) mempunyai Pengalaman Mengajar 10 tahun ke atas. 75 % respoden ( n=60 ) adalah kelulusan Ijazah Sarjana Muda, manakala bagi Ijazah Sarjana dan Diploma masing masing adalah 13 % ( n=10 ) .Analisis informationsEmpat inferens analisis telah dijalankan. Khi kuasa dua digunakan untuk menguji perhubungan antara dua pembolehubah-pembolehubah tidak bersandar nominal, jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar matapelajaran Sains. T-tests telah dijalankan untuk bandingkan cara antara pembolehubah-pembolehubah bersandar. Tiga pembolehubah bersandar yang telah dikaji ialah: Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Oleh Guru-Guru Sains ( TPTMK ) , Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( FPTMK ) , Kelebihan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( KPTMK ) .Ujian DeskriptifJadual 6.1, 6.2 dan 6.3 menunjukan tahap-tahap bagi TPTMK, FPTMK, dan KPTMK masing-masing. Nilai berangka dimensi pembolehubah-pe mbolehubah di atas sahaja tidak menunjukkan kekuatan relatif tahap-tahap ini. Beberapa perbandingan diperlukan untuk menandakan ini. Jadual 6.4: Ujian Analisis Khi Kuasa Dua Antara Jantina Dan Bilangan Tahun Mengajar Untuk Keseluruhan Sampel ( N=80 ) . Langkah 1: H0: Tidak ada perhubungan jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar H1: Terdapat perhubungan antara jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar Langkah 2: Kami menggunakan taburan X? untuk menguji darjah kebebasan atau perhubungan antara pembolehubah jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar Langkah 3: Menentukan kawasan penolakan dan bukan penolakan. Tahap signifikan ialah 0.05 atau 5 % . Kawasan dalam hujung kanan = ? = 0.05 Darjah kebebasan, df = ( Jumlah barisan – 1 ) ( Bilangan ruangan – 1 ) = ( 2 – 1 ) ( 4 – 1 ) = 3 Daripada Jadual X? , untuk df = 3, ? = 0.05, X? = 7.815 Langkah 6: Nilai 3.3 yang diperolehi adalah lebih kecil daripada nilai kritikal ( 7.815 ) dan ia jatuh dalam kawasan bukan penolakan H0. Oleh itu, kami menolak H1 dan mengekalkan H0 ; dimana tidak adenosine deaminase signifikan ( p & lt ; 0.05 ) perhubungan antara jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar ( X? = 3.3, P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Pekali korelasi additive adalah 0.0018 ( dibundarkan kepada 2 tempat perpuluhan ) Interpretasi: Korelasi di antara TPTMK and FPTMK adalah lemah. Korelasi kuasa dua, merupakan pekali bagi penentuan. r2 = ( 0.0018 ) 2 = 0.00 menunjukkan kiraan 0 % terhadap varians bagi skor FPTMK dalam kes ini. Langkah 4: Menguji dapatan signifikan R melalui hipotesis nul supaya tiada hubungan yang signifikan di antara skor TPTMK dan FPTMK. Bagi menguji nilai dapatan signifikan R yang diperolehi, pertama perlu setkan Arass signifikan yang hendak diuji iaitu 1 % atau pada P & A ; gt ; .01. Kemudian uji hipotesis mengenai populasi pekali korelasi P menggunakan sampel pekali korelasi r. Selain itu jadual taburan T boleh digunakan dalam ujian ini. Apabila n – 2 merupakan nilai darjah kebebasan. Hipotesis nul merupakan pekali korelasi additive di antara dua pembolehubah yang kosong, ? = 0. Hipotesis alternatif boleh menjadi: Pekali korelasi additive di antara 2 pembolehubah yang kurang daripada kosong, ? & A ; gt ; 0 Pekali korelasi additive di antara 2 pembolehubah yang lebih daripada kosong, ? & A ; lt ; 0 Pekali korelasi additive di antara 2 pembolehubah yang tidak sama dengan kosong, ? ? 0 Catat hipotesis nul: ( ? merupakan pekali korelasi populasi ) Holmium: ? = 0 ( Pekali korelasi additive adalah kosong dalam populasi ) H1: ? & gt ; 0 ( Pekali koralsi additive adalah positif dalam populasi ) bermaksud satu hujung ( Apabila kita menguji H1: hanya korelasi positif wujud di mana Iowa adalah mustahil bagi korelasi negative wujud ) ( Selain itu, kita harus menguji H1: ? ? 0, apabila kami ingin menguji korelasi kedua-dua atau negative iaitu ujian dua- hujung ) Langkah 5: Pilih fungsi taburan yang perlu digunakan. Taburan populasi untuk kedua-dua pembolehubah adalah normal. Oleh itu, kita boleh menggunakan taburan T untuk menunjukkan ujian tersebut adalah pekali korelasi linear. Langkah 6: Menentukan kawasan penolakan dan bukan penolakan Aras signifikan adalah 1 % . Melalui hipotesis alternatif, kita dapat mengetahui ujian itu adalah hujung kanan. Oleh itu Kawasan pada hujung kanan taburan T = 0.01 df = n – 2 = 80 – 2 = 78 Melalui taburan T, nilai kritikal bagi T adalah 1.292. Kawasan penolakan dan bukan penolakan untuk ujian ini adalah seperti di bawah: Langkah 8: Membuat keputusan Nilai bagi ujian statistik T = 0.016 is adlah kurang daripada nilai kritikal T = 1.292 dan Iowa jatuh di kawasan yang bukan penolakan. Oleh itu, kita menerima hipotesis nul dan membuat kesimpulan bahawa tiada hubungan additive yang signifikan, di antara TPTMK dengan FPTMK.DAPATAN KAJIANKeputusan Khi-kuasa dua menunjukkan bahawa tiada hubungan di antara jantina dan kawasan khas. ( X2= 3.3, P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Sampel ujian-t yang berpasangan dijalankan untuk menilai jikalau terdapat hubungan di antara FPTMK dan TPTMK, FPTMK dan KPTMK serta TPTMK dan KPTMK. Keputusan menunujukkan bahawa min bagi FPTMK ( , SD= 8.9314 ) adalah signifikan dan lebih besar daripada min bagi TPTMK ( , SD=6.853 ) , t ( 158 ) =44.6329, P & A ; gt ; 0.025. Ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan di antara FPTMK dan TPTMK di kalangan guru. Keputusan ini juga menunjukkan bahawa min bagi KPTMK ( , SD=6.293 ) . Ujian-t di antara FPTMK dan KPTMK T ( 158 ) =51.7703, P & A ; gt ; 0.025. Ini juga menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan signifikan di antara FPTMK dan KPTMK di kalangan guru. Keputusan ujian-t di antara TPTMK dan KPTMK adalah T ( 158 ) =6.7902, P & A ; gt ; 0.025. Ini juga menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan di antara TPTMK dan KPTMK di kalangan guru di daerah Gombak.KESIMPULANKesimpulan yang boleh dibuat daripada analisis empat inferensi adalah khi-kuasa dua menunjukkan bahawa tiada perhubungan di antara jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar. Manakala kesemua keputusan ujian-t menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan di antara jantina dan pengalaman mengajar. Tambahan pula, keputusan kesemua ujian-t tak bersandar yang utama iaitu Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Oleh Guru-Guru Sains ( TPTMK ) , Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( FPTMK ) , Kelebihan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( KPTMK ) ada menunjukkan perkaitan antara satu sama lain. Pekali korelasi Pearson di antara tiga pembolehubah ( TPTMK, FPTMK, KPTMK ) menunjukkan bahawa tidak terdapat hubungan additive yang signifikan di antara mereka. Berdasarkan pada keputusan analisis yang di perolehi, di sarankan adalah baik sekiranya tahap penggunaan teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi oleh guru ditingkatkan. Ini secara tidak langsung akan membantu parity guru meringankan beban guru-guru di sekolah dan Iowa juga akan memberikan kesan baik terhadap pelajar. Guru-guru baru juga harus menjalani kursus pra-pratikum di mana mereka perlu didedahkan kepada Pendekatan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi dalam Pengajaran Sains. Manakala guru-guru yang sudah berada dalam perkhidmatan atau guru yang berpengalaman, boleh didedahkan kepada Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi melalui kursus pendek atau kursus dalaman. Umumnya, Iowa boleh dikatakan bahawa ramai guru yang berpengalaman secara semula jadi mempunyai banyak pendedahan dan motivasi untuk membangunkan profesion pengajaran mereka. Walaubagaimanapun, kepercayaan ini boleh menjadi persoalan dalam konteks fakta dimana kebolehan dan kecemerlangan seseorang individu boleh meningkat melalui insiatif sendiri atau pembangunan serta keazaman untuk memperbaiki diri sendiri. Oleh itu, ia boleh diringkaskan kepada realiti bahawa Iowa bergantung kepada diri guru itu sendiri untuk menyedari dan meningkatkan kemahiran pengajaran sendiri untuk menjadi guru yang inovatif dan kreatif.RUJUKANCoakes, S.J. , et Al. ( 2008 ) . SPSS Analysis Without Anguish. China: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc.Green, S.B. , et Al ( 1997 ) . Using SPSS for Windowss: Analyzing and Understanding Data. New Jersey: Prentice HallMann, P.S. ( 2007 ) . Intoduction Statistic 6th Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc.Norusis, M.J. ( 1997 ) . SPSS Guide to Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall